Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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Rapid halo growth in SEEDZ simulations enables heavy black hole seed formation via supermassive stars at a comoving number density of 0.1 cMpc^{-3} by z=10, with most seeds in near-solar metallicity gas.
citing papers explorer
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Supermassive Black Hole Assembly from Heavy Seeds with Dynamical Friction in the BRAHMA Simulations: Implications for JWST, LISA, and the Local Universe
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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SEEDZ: Rapid Galaxy Assembly as a Pathway to Supermassive Stars, Dense Stellar Environments and Massive Black Hole Seeds
Rapid halo growth in SEEDZ simulations enables heavy black hole seed formation via supermassive stars at a comoving number density of 0.1 cMpc^{-3} by z=10, with most seeds in near-solar metallicity gas.