Verbalized confidence from small LMs enables cost-effective cascade routing for automated educational scoring, matching large-model accuracy at 76% lower cost when discrimination is strong.
Innovating As- sessment with Conversational Agents: A Technology- Enhanced Approach to Formative Assessments
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Do Small Language Models Know When They're Wrong? Confidence-Based Cascade Scoring for Educational Assessment
Verbalized confidence from small LMs enables cost-effective cascade routing for automated educational scoring, matching large-model accuracy at 76% lower cost when discrimination is strong.