A client-server protocol uses homomorphic encryption to fine-tune a 1B-parameter LLM with LoRA while keeping training data, activations, and the learned adapter weights hidden from the server.
Journal of Cryptology 33(1), 34–91 (2020)
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Private LoRA Fine-tuning of Open-Source LLMs with Homomorphic Encryption
A client-server protocol uses homomorphic encryption to fine-tune a 1B-parameter LLM with LoRA while keeping training data, activations, and the learned adapter weights hidden from the server.