Mixing electromagnetic radiation with dark radiation between BBN and recombination dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, tightening the allowed total extra radiation to at most ~25% more than dark-radiation-only scenarios.
Su- pernova 1987A Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Sec- tors, Millicharged Particles, the QCD Axion, and an Axion-like Particle
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Constraints on the Injection of Radiation in the Early Universe
Mixing electromagnetic radiation with dark radiation between BBN and recombination dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, tightening the allowed total extra radiation to at most ~25% more than dark-radiation-only scenarios.