ProCI uses LLMs to iteratively generate and impute hidden confounders, then validates them with a conditional independence test to improve treatment effect estimation.
The costs of low birth weight.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3):1031–1083, 2005
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Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models
ProCI uses LLMs to iteratively generate and impute hidden confounders, then validates them with a conditional independence test to improve treatment effect estimation.