Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.
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Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.