PromptCOS is a content-only watermarking method for LLM system prompts that embeds detectable cyclic signals via auxiliary tokens while preserving fidelity and resisting removal attacks.
A survey of text watermarking in the era of large language models.ACM Computing Surveys, 57(2):1–36
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Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.
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PromptCOS: Towards Content-only System Prompt Copyright Auditing for LLMs
PromptCOS is a content-only watermarking method for LLM system prompts that embeds detectable cyclic signals via auxiliary tokens while preserving fidelity and resisting removal attacks.
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Fundamental Trade-Offs in Multi-Bit Watermarking of Stochastic Processes
Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.