A Classical Chinese language model internally detects unknown facts via perplexity jumps but fails to express uncertainty in generated text, showing that metacognitive expression does not emerge from language modeling alone.
We construct three groups of 92 historical prompts each, spanning from the Zhou Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty
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Internal Knowledge Without External Expression: Probing the Generalization Boundary of a Classical Chinese Language Model
A Classical Chinese language model internally detects unknown facts via perplexity jumps but fails to express uncertainty in generated text, showing that metacognitive expression does not emerge from language modeling alone.