A no-go theorem shows that negative effective mass squared for the vector field in vector-tensor gravity always accompanies ghost or gradient instabilities, blocking spontaneous vectorization in stationary axisymmetric black holes.
Fixing the dynam- ical evolution of self-interacting vector fields,
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In 4D spacetime, 3-form fields admit healthy time evolution under specific self-interactions while 2-form fields lose hyperbolicity with analogous terms.
In massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory, a nonzero vector vacuum asymptotically forbids both curvature-vector couplings at once, and the A²R sector yields Schwarzschild-like black holes plus neutron stars that can deviate from general relativity.
citing papers explorer
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No-go theorem for spontaneous vectorization
A no-go theorem shows that negative effective mass squared for the vector field in vector-tensor gravity always accompanies ghost or gradient instabilities, blocking spontaneous vectorization in stationary axisymmetric black holes.
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Potentially healthy time evolution in interacting $p$-form fields
In 4D spacetime, 3-form fields admit healthy time evolution under specific self-interactions while 2-form fields lose hyperbolicity with analogous terms.
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Black holes and neutron stars in massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory
In massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory, a nonzero vector vacuum asymptotically forbids both curvature-vector couplings at once, and the A²R sector yields Schwarzschild-like black holes plus neutron stars that can deviate from general relativity.