In a Schwarzschild spacetime with a leading-dipole magnetic field, the inner stable charged-particle orbit first moves inward with magnetic coupling, then outward, with the limiting mode switching from radial to vertical instability.
Ab-initio pulsar magnetosphere: three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of axisymmetric pulsars
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We perform first-principles relativistic particle-in-cell simulations of aligned pulsar magnetosphere. We allow free escape of particles from the surface of a neutron star and continuously populate the magnetosphere with neutral pair plasma to imitate pair production. As pair plasma supply increases, we observe the transition from a charge-separated electrosphere solution with trapped plasma and no spin-down to a solution close to the ideal force-free magnetosphere with electromagnetically-dominated pulsar wind. We calculate the magnetospheric structure, current distribution and spin-down power of the neutron star. We also discuss particle acceleration in the equatorial current sheet.
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From St{\o}rmer to Schwarzschild: Analytical Dynamics of Charged Particles in a Dipole Magnetosphere
In a Schwarzschild spacetime with a leading-dipole magnetic field, the inner stable charged-particle orbit first moves inward with magnetic coupling, then outward, with the limiting mode switching from radial to vertical instability.