Monte Carlo data on a T2 x R2 geometry show that the SU(2) vacuum at small torus sizes is described by a gas of vortex-like fractional instantons, with string tension proportional to their density and a saturated nearest-neighbor separation at larger sizes.
From Perturbation Theory to Confinement: How the String Tension is built up
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abstract
We study the spatial volume dependence of electric flux energies for SU(2) Yang-Mills fields on the torus with twisted boundary conditions. The results approach smoothly the rotational invariant Confinement regime. The would-be string tension is very close to the infinite volume result already for volumes of $(1.2 \ {\rm fm.})^3$. We speculate on the consequences of our result for the Confinement mechanism.
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Fractional instantons and Confinement: first results on a $T_2\times R^2$ roadmap
Monte Carlo data on a T2 x R2 geometry show that the SU(2) vacuum at small torus sizes is described by a gas of vortex-like fractional instantons, with string tension proportional to their density and a saturated nearest-neighbor separation at larger sizes.