Text models encode linguistic taxonomies early and densely; speech models develop them later and less prominently, with multimodal models showing intermediate patterns.
Among these, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emer- gent capabilities once thought to require human intelligence
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From Words to Waves: Analyzing Concept Formation in Speech and Text-Based Foundation Models
Text models encode linguistic taxonomies early and densely; speech models develop them later and less prominently, with multimodal models showing intermediate patterns.