Arbitrary-depth k-stage masked NTT pipelines with fresh inter-stage masking and PF-PINI(≤2) gadgets satisfy a universal 2/q per-observation leakage bound, machine-checked in Lean 4.
Integrates Adams Bridge 2.0 with both ML-DSA-87 and ML-KEM 1024 and side-channel countermeasures
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The 1-Bit Barrier is Universal: k-Stage Pipeline Composition and Unified Leakage Bounds for Standard Modular Reductions in PQC Hardware
Arbitrary-depth k-stage masked NTT pipelines with fresh inter-stage masking and PF-PINI(≤2) gadgets satisfy a universal 2/q per-observation leakage bound, machine-checked in Lean 4.