Model-independent reconstruction shows that early-universe modifications resolving the Hubble tension exist at the background level, requiring a smooth ~15% pre-recombination expansion rate enhancement.
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Model independent $H(z)$ reconstruction using the cosmic inverse distance ladder
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abstract
Recent distance ladder determinations of the Hubble constant $H_0$ disagree at about the $3.5\sigma$ level with the value determined from Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) assuming a $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. This discrepancy has prompted speculation that new physics might be required beyond that assumed in the $\Lambda$CDM model. In this paper, we apply the inverse distance ladder to fit a parametric form of $H(z)$ to baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and Type Ia supernova data together with priors on the sound horizon at the end of the radiation drag epoch, $r_d$. We apply priors on $r_d$, based on inferences from either Planck or the Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP), and demonstrate that these values are consistent with CMB-independent determinations of $r_d$ derived from measurements of the primordial deuterium abundance, BAO and supernova data assuming the $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. The $H(z)$ constraints that we derive are independent of detailed physics within the dark sector at low redshifts, relying only on the validity of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric of General Relativity. For each assumed prior on $r_d$, we find consistency with the inferred value of $H_0$ and the Planck $\Lambda$CDM value and corresponding tension with the distance ladder estimate.
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Two-field axion-like early dark energy reduces Hubble tension to 1.5 sigma residual and improves high-ell CMB fits over single-field models.
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
Tensions in the supernova intercept a_B at z~0.01 in PantheonPlus and z~0.1 in DES-Y5 point to data systematics or inter-survey inconsistencies rather than new physics, aligning H0 measurements and reducing support for dynamical dark energy.
Final Planck CMB data confirms the flat 6-parameter ΛCDM model with Ω_c h² = 0.120 ± 0.001, Ω_b h² = 0.0224 ± 0.0001, n_s = 0.965 ± 0.004, τ = 0.054 ± 0.007, H_0 = 67.4 ± 0.5 km/s/Mpc, and no strong evidence for extensions.
Exponential IR f(T) gravity Model I alleviates Hubble tension but is disfavoured by combined Planck/ACT/SPT+DESI+Pantheon+ data; Model II is ruled out because background constraints force unphysical shifts in CMB parameters.
Pure early or late fixes to the Hubble tension are tightly constrained; remaining options are combined early-late interacting dark energy or new physics at the local-to-homogeneous transition.
citing papers explorer
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Geometric Constraints on the Pre-Recombination Expansion History from the Hubble Tension
Model-independent reconstruction shows that early-universe modifications resolving the Hubble tension exist at the background level, requiring a smooth ~15% pre-recombination expansion rate enhancement.
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Double the axions, half the tension: multi-field early dark energy eases the Hubble tension
Two-field axion-like early dark energy reduces Hubble tension to 1.5 sigma residual and improves high-ell CMB fits over single-field models.
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Running into tension: primordial black holes from ultra-slow-roll inflation, spectral running, and the Hubble tension
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
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Cosmological intercept tension
Tensions in the supernova intercept a_B at z~0.01 in PantheonPlus and z~0.1 in DES-Y5 point to data systematics or inter-survey inconsistencies rather than new physics, aligning H0 measurements and reducing support for dynamical dark energy.
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Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters
Final Planck CMB data confirms the flat 6-parameter ΛCDM model with Ω_c h² = 0.120 ± 0.001, Ω_b h² = 0.0224 ± 0.0001, n_s = 0.965 ± 0.004, τ = 0.054 ± 0.007, H_0 = 67.4 ± 0.5 km/s/Mpc, and no strong evidence for extensions.
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Cosmological Viability of Exponential Infrared $f(T)$ Gravity
Exponential IR f(T) gravity Model I alleviates Hubble tension but is disfavoured by combined Planck/ACT/SPT+DESI+Pantheon+ data; Model II is ruled out because background constraints force unphysical shifts in CMB parameters.
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The Hubble tension: A decade review
Pure early or late fixes to the Hubble tension are tightly constrained; remaining options are combined early-late interacting dark energy or new physics at the local-to-homogeneous transition.