In this extended f(R, L_m, phi, kinetic term) gravity, scalar fields constrain Gödel-type solutions to causal configurations that forbid closed timelike curves, while perfect fluids permit both causal and noncausal cases.
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Causality and its violation in $f(R,\mathcal{L}_m,\phi,g^{\mu\nu}\nabla_\mu \phi \nabla_\nu \phi)$ gravity
In this extended f(R, L_m, phi, kinetic term) gravity, scalar fields constrain Gödel-type solutions to causal configurations that forbid closed timelike curves, while perfect fluids permit both causal and noncausal cases.