Instrumental causal forests show that Indonesia's PKH cash transfer has heterogeneous effects on maternal health care use, with supply-side readiness and household poverty shaping who benefits and who does not.
Causal Tree Estimation of Heterogeneous Household Response to Time-Of-Use Electricity Pricing Schemes
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abstract
We examine the household-specific effects of the introduction of Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity pricing schemes. Using a causal forest (Athey and Imbens, 2016; Wager and Athey, 2018; Athey et al., 2019), we consider the association between past consumption and survey variables, and the effect of TOU pricing on household electricity demand. We describe the heterogeneity in household variables across quartiles of estimated demand response and utilise variable importance measures. Household-specific estimates produced by a causal forest exhibit reasonable associations with covariates. For example, households that are younger, more educated, and that consume more electricity, are predicted to respond more to a new pricing scheme. In addition, variable importance measures suggest that some aspects of past consumption information may be more useful than survey information in producing these estimates.
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Exploring the heterogeneous impacts of Indonesia's conditional cash transfer scheme (PKH) on maternal health care utilisation using instrumental causal forests
Instrumental causal forests show that Indonesia's PKH cash transfer has heterogeneous effects on maternal health care use, with supply-side readiness and household poverty shaping who benefits and who does not.