A determinantal geometry framework for two-qubit gates quantifies nonlocal complexity via distances to local-operation varieties, showing the square root iSWAP is closest to local gates and no perfect entangler exceeds 79.8% average fidelity under local approximation.
Lloyd, Almost any quantum logic gate is universal, Physical Review Letters75, 346 (1995)
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Low-rank geometry of two-qubit gates
A determinantal geometry framework for two-qubit gates quantifies nonlocal complexity via distances to local-operation varieties, showing the square root iSWAP is closest to local gates and no perfect entangler exceeds 79.8% average fidelity under local approximation.