Current neutrino limits constrain the combination of proton fraction and source evolution in ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, ruling out large proton fractions together with strong source evolution.
Cosmogenic photons strongly constrain UHECR source models
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With the newest version of our Monte Carlo code for ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) propagation, CRPropa 3, the flux of neutrinos and photons due to interactions of UHECRs with extragalactic background light can be predicted. Together with the recently updated data for the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background (IGRB) by Fermi LAT, it is now possible to severely constrain UHECR source models. The evolution of the UHECR sources especially plays an important role in the determination of the expected secondary photon spectrum. Pure proton UHECR models are already strongly constrained, primarily by the highest energy bins of Fermi LAT's IGRB, as long as their number density is not strongly peaked at recent times.
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Current constraints from cosmogenic neutrinos on the fraction of protons in UHECRs
Current neutrino limits constrain the combination of proton fraction and source evolution in ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, ruling out large proton fractions together with strong source evolution.