In dRGT massive gravity, static spherically symmetric black holes exhibit zero, one, or two photon spheres whose topological charges and stability patterns differ from Einstein gravity and from horizonless compact objects.
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Topological numbers categorize black hole systems into universality classes based on thermodynamic behavior, with calculations for critical points and phase transitions.
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Topological charge and black hole photon spheres in massive gravity
In dRGT massive gravity, static spherically symmetric black holes exhibit zero, one, or two photon spheres whose topological charges and stability patterns differ from Einstein gravity and from horizonless compact objects.
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Topology of black hole thermodynamics: A brief review
Topological numbers categorize black hole systems into universality classes based on thermodynamic behavior, with calculations for critical points and phase transitions.