Zeroth-order SGD learning dynamics are governed by a random low-dimensional projection of the empirical NTK whose approximation error scales with model output dimension, not parameter count.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.18886 , year=
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Learning Dynamics of Zeroth-Order Optimization: A Kernel Perspective
Zeroth-order SGD learning dynamics are governed by a random low-dimensional projection of the empirical NTK whose approximation error scales with model output dimension, not parameter count.