A discrete-log method recovers ZMap's internal multiplicative state from 20 observed probes and identifies 28.5% of IP-ID-labeled ZMap scans with at least 20 packets on telescope and backbone traffic.
https://web.archive.org/web/ 20190116132401/https://www.shodan.io/
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Identifying and characterizing ZMap scans: a cryptanalytic approach
A discrete-log method recovers ZMap's internal multiplicative state from 20 observed probes and identifies 28.5% of IP-ID-labeled ZMap scans with at least 20 packets on telescope and backbone traffic.