Future CMB Stage IV measurements of N_eff will detect or exclude thermally populated right-handed neutrino partners in most Dirac-neutrino models, constraining new gauge bosons and scalar mediators more strongly than laboratory searches.
Neutrinoless Quadruple Beta Decay
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abstract
We point out that lepton number violation is possible even if neutrinos are Dirac particles. We illustrate this by constructing a simple model that allows for lepton number violation by four units only. As a consequence, neutrinoless double beta decay is forbidden, but neutrinoless quadruple beta decay is possible: $(A,Z) \to (A,Z+4) + 4 e^-$. We identify three candidate isotopes for this decay, the most promising one being Nd-150 due to its high $Q_{0\nu 4\beta}$-value of 2 MeV. Analogous processes, such as neutrinoless quadruple electron capture, are also possible. The expected lifetimes are extremely long, and experimental searches are challenging.
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Observing Dirac neutrinos in the cosmic microwave background
Future CMB Stage IV measurements of N_eff will detect or exclude thermally populated right-handed neutrino partners in most Dirac-neutrino models, constraining new gauge bosons and scalar mediators more strongly than laboratory searches.