A minimal model of ion pumps shows a nonequilibrium transition to collective alignment that generates sustained membrane potentials via self-consistent electrochemical feedback.
Mitchell, Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism, Nature, 191, 144–148 (1961)
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Self-Organized Bioelectricity via Collective Pump Alignment: Toward a Physical Origin of Chemiosmosis
A minimal model of ion pumps shows a nonequilibrium transition to collective alignment that generates sustained membrane potentials via self-consistent electrochemical feedback.