Fine-tuned transformers with multi-task learning recover substantial wording-derived signal for item difficulty at small sample sizes typical in applied testing.
and Perelman, Adam and Ramesh, Aditya and Clark, Aidan and Ostrow, A
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Response-free item difficulty modelling for multiple-choice items with fine-tuned transformers: Component-wise representation and multi-task learning
Fine-tuned transformers with multi-task learning recover substantial wording-derived signal for item difficulty at small sample sizes typical in applied testing.