The open flux-tube spectrum in SU(Nc) for Nc=3 to 6 shows massive axion-like states whose lightest mass, extrapolated to large Nc, is consistent with the worldsheet axion mass of the closed flux tube.
The closed string spectrum of SU(N) gauge theories in 2+1 dimensions
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We use lattice techniques to study the closed-string spectrum of SU(N) gauge theories in 2+1 dimensions. We calculate the energies of the lowest lying ~30 states for strings with lengths between l ~ 0.45 fm and l ~ 3 fm, and compare to different theoretical predictions. We obtain unambiguous evidence that the closed-strings are in the universality class of the Nambu-Goto free bosonic string. Moreover, we clearly see that our data can be described by a covariant string theory with a small/moderate correction down to very short distance scales, and possibly on all distance scales at large-N.
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The spectrum of open confining strings in the large-Nc limit
The open flux-tube spectrum in SU(Nc) for Nc=3 to 6 shows massive axion-like states whose lightest mass, extrapolated to large Nc, is consistent with the worldsheet axion mass of the closed flux tube.