V-formation angle controls drag reduction in cylinder groups, reaching 80% for interior members at small angles but limited to the leader above 50 degrees.
3(g-j) and 4(g-j)), as the space between members 2 and 3 allows for larger magnitudes of bleeding flow to move between the members
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physics.flu-dyn 1years
2026 1verdicts
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Impact of the formation angle on the drag of bio-inspired $\pmb \vee$-formations
V-formation angle controls drag reduction in cylinder groups, reaching 80% for interior members at small angles but limited to the leader above 50 degrees.