Analytical proof establishes universality of late-time ringdown tails for any effective potential decaying as 1/r², with different power-law behavior for 1/r^α (1<α<2), covering charged black holes, Kerr, exotic objects, modified gravity, and environmental matter distributions.
Late time tails in the Kerr spacetime
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abstract
Outside a black hole, perturbation fields die off in time as $1/t^n$. For spherical holes $n=2\ell+3$ where $\ell$ is the multipole index. In the nonspherical Kerr spacetime there is no coordinate-independent meaning of "multipole," and a common sense viewpoint is to set $\ell$ to the lowest radiatiable index, although theoretical studies have led to very different claims. Numerical results, to date, have been controversial. Here we show that expansion for small Kerr spin parameter $a$ leads to very definite numerical results confirming previous theoretical analyses.
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On the universality of late-time ringdown tail
Analytical proof establishes universality of late-time ringdown tails for any effective potential decaying as 1/r², with different power-law behavior for 1/r^α (1<α<2), covering charged black holes, Kerr, exotic objects, modified gravity, and environmental matter distributions.