Transient spiral arms, including Sellwood and Binney's horseshoe mechanism, generally heat the Galactic disk more than observed unless the spirals are strongly concentrated near corotation or have much larger pitch angles than today's.
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Why is the Galactic disk so cool?
Transient spiral arms, including Sellwood and Binney's horseshoe mechanism, generally heat the Galactic disk more than observed unless the spirals are strongly concentrated near corotation or have much larger pitch angles than today's.