For Na2Ti3Cl8, the high-temperature magnetic Hamiltonian has a spin-nematic (quadrupolar) ground state, and the breathing lattice distortion, driven by spin-lattice coupling, is required to stabilize the experimentally observed trimerized phase.
On the origin of biquadratic exchange in spin 1 chains
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One dimensional spin 1 systems may have a rich phase diagram including Haldane gap and dimerized phases if the usually very small biquadratic exchange becomes significant. We show that this unlikely condition may be fulfilled in electron systems with quasi-degenerate orbitals. This mechanism may have been experimentally realized in the spin 1 chain LiVGe$_2$O$_6$. The implications for the exploration of the physics and quantum chemistry of spin 1 chains are discussed.
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Spin--lattice coupling and the emergence of the trimerized phase in the $S=1$ Kagome antiferromagnet Na$_2$Ti$_3$Cl$_8$
For Na2Ti3Cl8, the high-temperature magnetic Hamiltonian has a spin-nematic (quadrupolar) ground state, and the breathing lattice distortion, driven by spin-lattice coupling, is required to stabilize the experimentally observed trimerized phase.