A closed-form BER expression for 16-QAM is derived in SAGIN channels with residual Doppler and delay, showing that realistic elliptical LEO orbits add about 0.8 seconds to the period and relativistic delay stays below 1 microsecond.
Ergodic capacity of multiuser hybrid satellite-terrestrial fixed-gain AF relay networks with CCI and outdated CSI
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Space-Air-Ground-Integrated Networks: The BER vs. Residual Delay and Doppler Analysis
A closed-form BER expression for 16-QAM is derived in SAGIN channels with residual Doppler and delay, showing that realistic elliptical LEO orbits add about 0.8 seconds to the period and relativistic delay stays below 1 microsecond.