An oscillating universe in Rastall gravity is presented, but the claimed cycles are not supported by the explicit scale factor and the 8.7 Gyr transit is an input parameter.
Energy conditions and galaxy formation
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abstract
This note summarizes a model-independent analysis of the age of the universe problem that trades off precision in favour of robustness: The energy conditions of Einstein gravity are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without specifying a particular equation of state. This is particularly useful in a cosmological setting, where the equation of state for the cosmological fluid is extremely uncertain. The strong energy condition (SEC) provides a simple and robust bound on the behaviour of the look-back time as a function of red-shift. Observation suggests that the SEC may be violated sometime between the epoch of galaxy formation and the present.
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An oscillating Rastall universe crossing the phantom divide line
An oscillating universe in Rastall gravity is presented, but the claimed cycles are not supported by the explicit scale factor and the 8.7 Gyr transit is an input parameter.