Rotating islands in square artificial spin ice toward the pinwheel angle switches the magnetic ground state from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic and shifts defect textures from one-dimensional strings to two-dimensional vortices.
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Ice-rule made manifold: phase transitions, topological defects and manifold restoration in two-dimensional artificial spin systems
Rotating islands in square artificial spin ice toward the pinwheel angle switches the magnetic ground state from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic and shifts defect textures from one-dimensional strings to two-dimensional vortices.