GPT-4-generated instruction data produces superior zero-shot performance in finetuned LLaMA models versus prior state-of-the-art data.
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Language Models can Solve Computer Tasks
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abstract
Agents capable of carrying out general tasks on a computer can improve efficiency and productivity by automating repetitive tasks and assisting in complex problem-solving. Ideally, such agents should be able to solve new computer tasks presented to them through natural language commands. However, previous approaches to this problem require large amounts of expert demonstrations and task-specific reward functions, both of which are impractical for new tasks. In this work, we show that a pre-trained large language model (LLM) agent can execute computer tasks guided by natural language using a simple prompting scheme where the agent Recursively Criticizes and Improves its output (RCI). The RCI approach significantly outperforms existing LLM methods for automating computer tasks and surpasses supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) approaches on the MiniWoB++ benchmark. We compare multiple LLMs and find that RCI with the InstructGPT-3+RLHF LLM is state-of-the-art on MiniWoB++, using only a handful of demonstrations per task rather than tens of thousands, and without a task-specific reward function. Furthermore, we demonstrate RCI prompting's effectiveness in enhancing LLMs' reasoning abilities on a suite of natural language reasoning tasks, outperforming chain of thought (CoT) prompting with external feedback. We find that RCI combined with CoT performs better than either separately. Our code can be found here: https://github.com/posgnu/rci-agent.
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representative citing papers
WorkArena benchmark shows LLM web agents achieve partial success on enterprise tasks but have a substantial gap to full automation and perform worse with open-source models.
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
Large language models can optimize by being prompted with histories of past solutions and scores to propose better ones, producing prompts that raise accuracy up to 8% on GSM8K and 50% on Big-Bench Hard over human-designed baselines.
Reflexion lets LLM agents improve via stored verbal reflections on task feedback, reaching 91% pass@1 on HumanEval and outperforming prior GPT-4 results.
OPT-BENCH and OPT-Agent evaluate LLM self-optimization in large search spaces, showing stronger models improve via feedback but stay constrained by base capacity and below human performance.
VLAA-GUI adds mandatory visual verifiers, multi-tier loop breakers, and on-demand search to GUI agents, reaching 77.5% on OSWorld and 61.0% on WindowsAgentArena with some models exceeding human performance.
SCoRe uses multi-turn online RL with regularization on self-generated traces to improve LLM self-correction, achieving 15.6% and 9.1% gains on MATH and HumanEval for Gemini models.
LiveCodeBench collects 400 recent contest problems to create a contamination-free benchmark evaluating LLMs on code generation and related capabilities like self-repair and execution.
SeeClick improves visual GUI agents via GUI grounding pre-training on automatically curated data and introduces the ScreenSpot benchmark, with results indicating that stronger grounding boosts downstream task performance.
GPT-4V achieves 51.1% success on live web tasks as a generalist agent when plans are manually grounded, outperforming text-only models, but automatic grounding lags far behind oracle performance.
CoALA is a modular cognitive architecture for language agents that organizes memory components, action spaces for internal and external interaction, and a generalized decision-making loop to support more systematic development of capable agents.
Gorilla is a fine-tuned LLM that surpasses GPT-4 in accurate API call generation and uses retrieval to handle documentation updates.
ReWOO decouples reasoning from tool observations in augmented language models, delivering 5x token efficiency and 4% higher accuracy on multi-step reasoning benchmarks like HotpotQA.
Self-Debugging teaches LLMs to identify and fix their own code errors through rubber-duck-style natural language explanations and execution feedback, delivering 2-12% gains over baselines on Spider, TransCoder, and MBPP.
A language-integrated framework for compile-time analysis of sensitive string producers that minimizes lexical distance between secure and insecure idioms.
Plan-and-Act trains a dedicated Planner on synthetic plan-annotated trajectories to generate high-level plans that an Executor follows, reaching 57.58% success on WebArena-Lite and 81.36% on WebVoyager.
A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.
A survey that provides a taxonomy of methods for improving planning in LLM-based agents across task decomposition, plan selection, external modules, reflection, and memory.
GPT-4V processes interleaved image-text inputs generically and supports visual referring prompting for new human-AI interaction.
citing papers explorer
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Instruction Tuning with GPT-4
GPT-4-generated instruction data produces superior zero-shot performance in finetuned LLaMA models versus prior state-of-the-art data.
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WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?
WorkArena benchmark shows LLM web agents achieve partial success on enterprise tasks but have a substantial gap to full automation and perform worse with open-source models.
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Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
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Large Language Models as Optimizers
Large language models can optimize by being prompted with histories of past solutions and scores to propose better ones, producing prompts that raise accuracy up to 8% on GSM8K and 50% on Big-Bench Hard over human-designed baselines.
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Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning
Reflexion lets LLM agents improve via stored verbal reflections on task feedback, reaching 91% pass@1 on HumanEval and outperforming prior GPT-4 results.
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OPT-BENCH: Evaluating the Iterative Self-Optimization of LLM Agents in Large-Scale Search Spaces
OPT-BENCH and OPT-Agent evaluate LLM self-optimization in large search spaces, showing stronger models improve via feedback but stay constrained by base capacity and below human performance.
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VLAA-GUI: Knowing When to Stop, Recover, and Search, A Modular Framework for GUI Automation
VLAA-GUI adds mandatory visual verifiers, multi-tier loop breakers, and on-demand search to GUI agents, reaching 77.5% on OSWorld and 61.0% on WindowsAgentArena with some models exceeding human performance.
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Training Language Models to Self-Correct via Reinforcement Learning
SCoRe uses multi-turn online RL with regularization on self-generated traces to improve LLM self-correction, achieving 15.6% and 9.1% gains on MATH and HumanEval for Gemini models.
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LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code
LiveCodeBench collects 400 recent contest problems to create a contamination-free benchmark evaluating LLMs on code generation and related capabilities like self-repair and execution.
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SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents
SeeClick improves visual GUI agents via GUI grounding pre-training on automatically curated data and introduces the ScreenSpot benchmark, with results indicating that stronger grounding boosts downstream task performance.
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GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded
GPT-4V achieves 51.1% success on live web tasks as a generalist agent when plans are manually grounded, outperforming text-only models, but automatic grounding lags far behind oracle performance.
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Cognitive Architectures for Language Agents
CoALA is a modular cognitive architecture for language agents that organizes memory components, action spaces for internal and external interaction, and a generalized decision-making loop to support more systematic development of capable agents.
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Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs
Gorilla is a fine-tuned LLM that surpasses GPT-4 in accurate API call generation and uses retrieval to handle documentation updates.
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ReWOO: Decoupling Reasoning from Observations for Efficient Augmented Language Models
ReWOO decouples reasoning from tool observations in augmented language models, delivering 5x token efficiency and 4% higher accuracy on multi-step reasoning benchmarks like HotpotQA.
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Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debug
Self-Debugging teaches LLMs to identify and fix their own code errors through rubber-duck-style natural language explanations and execution feedback, delivering 2-12% gains over baselines on Spider, TransCoder, and MBPP.
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Compile-time Security Analysis and Optimization of Sensitive String Producers
A language-integrated framework for compile-time analysis of sensitive string producers that minimizes lexical distance between secure and insecure idioms.
-
Plan-and-Act: Improving Planning of Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks
Plan-and-Act trains a dedicated Planner on synthetic plan-annotated trajectories to generate high-level plans that an Executor follows, reaching 57.58% success on WebArena-Lite and 81.36% on WebVoyager.
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Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey
A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.
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Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A survey
A survey that provides a taxonomy of methods for improving planning in LLM-based agents across task decomposition, plan selection, external modules, reflection, and memory.
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The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)
GPT-4V processes interleaved image-text inputs generically and supports visual referring prompting for new human-AI interaction.