Roman–Byzantine trade networks exhibit a baseline East–West entropy gap from 0 CE, geographic–economic decoupling peaking at Rd=47.7, and both collapses at H*≈0.524.
Kennedy,The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Longman, London and New York, 1986)
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Structural Divergence of the Roman--Byzantine Trade Network, 0--1453\,CE: Persistent Homology, Topological Velocity, and Criticality Indicators of Imperial Collapse
Roman–Byzantine trade networks exhibit a baseline East–West entropy gap from 0 CE, geographic–economic decoupling peaking at Rd=47.7, and both collapses at H*≈0.524.