Magnetic toroidal monopoles in periodic crystals are quantified as a geometric quantity from relativistic polarization responses to magnetic field gradients, using Berry curvatures in extended parameter space.
Schmid, On ferrotoroidics and electrotoroidic, mag- netotoroidic and piezotoroidic effects, Ferroelectrics252, 41 (2001)
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Magnetic toroidal monopoles from relativistic polarization responses to magnetic field gradients
Magnetic toroidal monopoles in periodic crystals are quantified as a geometric quantity from relativistic polarization responses to magnetic field gradients, using Berry curvatures in extended parameter space.