GWTC-4 data analysis yields a pair-instability mass gap lower edge at 44.3^{+5.9}_{-3.5} M_⊙, an S-factor of 268^{+195}_{-116} keV b for ^{12}C(α,γ)^{16}O, and two populations supporting both direct formation and hierarchical mergers.
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Isolated Population III binaries can form GW231123-like events if convective overshooting is inefficient, the carbon-alpha reaction rate is 2 sigma below standard, and initial orbits match those of later-generation binaries.
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Gravitational-wave constraints on the pair-instability mass gap and nuclear burning in massive stars
GWTC-4 data analysis yields a pair-instability mass gap lower edge at 44.3^{+5.9}_{-3.5} M_⊙, an S-factor of 268^{+195}_{-116} keV b for ^{12}C(α,γ)^{16}O, and two populations supporting both direct formation and hierarchical mergers.
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GW231123 Formation from Population III Stars: Isolated Binary Evolution
Isolated Population III binaries can form GW231123-like events if convective overshooting is inefficient, the carbon-alpha reaction rate is 2 sigma below standard, and initial orbits match those of later-generation binaries.