Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.
The total energy at early times is equal to the initial transverse energy d E0 ⊥ dη, since longitudinal momenta (and masses) vanish: dE0 ⊥ dη = τ0 Z x⊥ e(x⊥)
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Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.