RefusalBench shows strict refusal rates fail to rank frontier LLMs correctly on biological safety, with provider effects and partial-compliance patterns that binary metrics miss.
Using a GPT-5-driven autonomous lab to optimize the cost and titer of cell-free protein synthesis
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RefusalBench: Why Refusal Rate Misranks Frontier LLMs on Biological Research Prompts
RefusalBench shows strict refusal rates fail to rank frontier LLMs correctly on biological safety, with provider effects and partial-compliance patterns that binary metrics miss.