Abelian 2d gauge theories show rich phase structure with c=1 and c=1/2 critical lines; chiral versions realize symmetric mass generation for fermions.
Deconfinement in d=1: A closer look
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abstract
The notion of deconfinement in two d=1 models, the Schwinger model and the Heisenberg chain, is re-examined. Both have half-asymptotic excitations (where particles and antiparticles must alternate) and also truly asymptotic particles which are half as many in number. The two kinds of particles are related by a complicated transformation. The main purpose of this note is to highlight the relationship between asymptotic and half-asymptotic particles. The relevance of our findings to higher dimensions is briefly discussed.
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Phases of 2d Gauge Theories and Symmetric Mass Generation
Abelian 2d gauge theories show rich phase structure with c=1 and c=1/2 critical lines; chiral versions realize symmetric mass generation for fermions.