LLMs encode accurate but brittle internal beliefs about latent game states and convert them poorly into actions, creating systematic gaps that explain strategic failures.
Observer, not player: Simulating theory of mind in large language models through game observation
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Why Do LLMs Struggle in Strategic Play? Broken Links Between Observations, Beliefs, and Actions
LLMs encode accurate but brittle internal beliefs about latent game states and convert them poorly into actions, creating systematic gaps that explain strategic failures.