I(n1, n2) is a correlation functional with |I| ≤ 2 for any three-qubit state, saturated only for GHZ-equivalent states under mutually unbiased measurements.
A measure for genuine tripartite entanglement
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abstract
We introduce a single real-valued functional $I(\vec{n}_1,\vec{n}_2)$, built from four three-qubit correlation expectation values, that turns the Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) algebraic paradox into a \emph{quantitative} witness of genuine tripartite entanglement. We prove that for every three-qubit state $\rho$ and every pair of measurement directions $|I(\vec{n}_1,\vec{n}_2;\rho)|\le 2$, with the bound saturated if and only if the two measurement bases are mutually unbiased and $\rho$ is locally unitarily equivalent to the GHZ state. We obtain a closed-form expression for $I(\hat{x},\hat{y})$ on the five-parameter Ac\'in canonical family of three-qubit pure states. For the W state we show that $I(\hat{x},\hat{y})=0$ and that $\max_{\vec{n}_1,\vec{n}_2}| I_{W}|=35/27\approx 1.296$, strictly below the GHZ value. The induced quantity ranges in $[0,1]$, equals one only on the GHZ class, and is therefore a device-independent indicator of GHZ-type genuine tripartite correlation. We also outline a generalisation of $I$ to three-qudit systems built from the Heisenberg--Weyl operators, recovering the standard qubit construction when $d=2$.
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quant-ph 1years
2026 1verdicts
UNVERDICTED 1representative citing papers
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A measure for genuine tripartite entanglement
I(n1, n2) is a correlation functional with |I| ≤ 2 for any three-qubit state, saturated only for GHZ-equivalent states under mutually unbiased measurements.