SN 2020aze displays early He II emission from ejecta-CSM interaction, a steep V-band decline, and semi-analytical modeling yields a ~14 solar-mass red supergiant progenitor with ~12 solar-mass ejecta and 1.5e51 erg explosion energy.
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Eruptive mass loss in red supergiants increases linearly with metallicity, calibrated via by-eye fits to Local Group luminosity functions, preventing initial masses above about 20 solar masses from reaching the red supergiant phase.
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Early interaction signatures and an extended plateau phase in Type II SN 2020aze
SN 2020aze displays early He II emission from ejecta-CSM interaction, a steep V-band decline, and semi-analytical modeling yields a ~14 solar-mass red supergiant progenitor with ~12 solar-mass ejecta and 1.5e51 erg explosion energy.
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Calibrating Eruptive Mass Loss in Red Supergiants with Local Group Data
Eruptive mass loss in red supergiants increases linearly with metallicity, calibrated via by-eye fits to Local Group luminosity functions, preventing initial masses above about 20 solar masses from reaching the red supergiant phase.