Numerical modeling of time-dependent cosmic-ray advection and diffusion in spherically symmetric wind bubbles shows escaping spectra harder than E^{-2} during the wind-driven phase, with low-energy suppression depending on the turbulence model.
Energy Spectrum of Fast Second Order Fermi Accelerators as Sources of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
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abstract
Stochastic acceleration of cosmic rays in second order Fermi processes is usually considered too slow to reach ultra-high energies, except in specific cases. In this paper we present the energy spectrum obtained from second order Fermi acceleration in highly turbulent magnetic fields as e.g.\ found in the outskirts of AGN jets in situations where it can be sufficiently fast to accelerate particles to the highest observed energies. We parametrize the resulting non-power-law spectra and show that these can describe the cosmic ray energy spectrum and mass-composition data at the highest energies if propagation effects are taken into account.
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Time-dependent cosmic-ray escape from wind bubbles: hard spectra formation
Numerical modeling of time-dependent cosmic-ray advection and diffusion in spherically symmetric wind bubbles shows escaping spectra harder than E^{-2} during the wind-driven phase, with low-energy suppression depending on the turbulence model.