A theorem establishes that the one-particle extension of any Koide-ratio mass set reaches a unique minimum Qmin = Q0/(1+Q0) at m* = [(sum mi)/(sum sqrt(mi))]^2, with the lepton-plus-charm case landing 6 ppm above the ideal 2/5 limit.
Li and B.-Q
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abstract
We apply Koide's mass relation of charged leptons to neutrinos and quarks, with both the normal and inverted mass schemes of neutrinos discussed. We introduce the parameters $k_{\nu}$, $k_u$ and $k_d$ to describe the deviations of neutrinos and quarks from Koide's relation, and suggest a quark-lepton complementarity of masses such as $ k_{l}+k_{d} \approx k_{\nu}+k_{u} \approx 2$. The masses of neutrinos are determined from the improved relation, and they are strongly hierarchical (with the different orders of magnitude of $10^{-5} eV$, $10^{-3} eV$, and $10^{-2} eV$).
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A minimization theorem for the Koide ratio and its Standard Model calibration
A theorem establishes that the one-particle extension of any Koide-ratio mass set reaches a unique minimum Qmin = Q0/(1+Q0) at m* = [(sum mi)/(sum sqrt(mi))]^2, with the lepton-plus-charm case landing 6 ppm above the ideal 2/5 limit.