The formation of close binary systems

A viable solution to the origin of close binary systems, unaccounted for in recent theories, is presented. Fragmentation, occurring at the end of the secondary collapse phase (during which molecular hydrogen is dissociating), can form binary systems with separations less than 1 au. Two fragmentation modes are found to occur after the collapse is halted. The first consists of the fragmentation of a protostellar disc due to rotational instabilities in a protostellar core, involving both an $m=1$ and an $m=2$ mode. This fragmentation mechanism is found to be insensitive to the initial density distribution: it can occur in both centrally condensed and uniform initial conditions. The second fragmentation mode involves the formation of a rapidly rotating core at the end of the collapse phase which is unstable to the axisymmetric perturbations. This core bounces into a ring which quickly fragments into several components. The binary systems thus formed contain less than 1 per cent of a solar mass and therefore will need to accrete most of their final mass if they are to form a binary star system. Their orbital properties will thus be determined by the properties of the accreted matter.