Energy production data falsifies the Kardashev 1% exponential model and yields an unphysical 1.6E15-year timescale to solar luminosity; the proposed KSN renormalization B(t) = P(t)/H(t) using Bitcoin hashrate spans 14 orders of magnitude from 2009-2024.
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Kardashev's Conundrum: Statistical Falsification of the Standard Kardashev Model and the Kardashev--Sagan--Nakamoto Resolution
Energy production data falsifies the Kardashev 1% exponential model and yields an unphysical 1.6E15-year timescale to solar luminosity; the proposed KSN renormalization B(t) = P(t)/H(t) using Bitcoin hashrate spans 14 orders of magnitude from 2009-2024.