Wildcard CTC on intermediate encoder layers spots user-listed keywords at inference and biases later layers, improving unknown-word F1 by up to 29% relative without retraining or TTS modules.
The models were evaluated based on character error rates (CERs) and F1 scores
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WCTC-Biasing: Retraining-free Contextual Biasing ASR with Wildcard CTC-based Keyword Spotting and Inter-layer Biasing
Wildcard CTC on intermediate encoder layers spots user-listed keywords at inference and biases later layers, improving unknown-word F1 by up to 29% relative without retraining or TTS modules.