King penguins defend their broods most strongly when chicks are small and dependent, then become more willing to flee once chicks are independent or the breeding season is late.
Q Rev Biol 63:167–187 Mooring MS, Hart BL (1995) Costs of allogrooming in impala: distraction from vigilance
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Life history stage effects on alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
King penguins defend their broods most strongly when chicks are small and dependent, then become more willing to flee once chicks are independent or the breeding season is late.