The paper defines a scope-local charge observable Q_ζ(P) on the CAR algebra and computes a prior conditional probability formula for atomic scopes, but leaves the empirical meaning of 'scope' open.
5 14 [BBS20] Marco Benini, Simen Bruinsma, and Alexander Schenkel
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What is electric charge?: Charge as a local observable in relativistic quantum field theory
The paper defines a scope-local charge observable Q_ζ(P) on the CAR algebra and computes a prior conditional probability formula for atomic scopes, but leaves the empirical meaning of 'scope' open.