A conceptual model derives bubble entrainment volume, surface area, and a constant 0.11 m effective depth from whitecap observations, with weak wind-speed dependence for breaking wave speeds of 2-3.5 m/s.
(b) Same as (a) but for the breaking wave energy di ssipation rate calculated with the wind wave growth function (Hwang and Sletten 2008)
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Estimating the volume and surface area of air bubbles entrained by breaking waves from whitecap observations: With implications on the characteristic breaking wave speed and breaking strength parameter
A conceptual model derives bubble entrainment volume, surface area, and a constant 0.11 m effective depth from whitecap observations, with weak wind-speed dependence for breaking wave speeds of 2-3.5 m/s.